Video/DVD Technical Glossary

Additional Language
The DVD contains a separate audio track containing the dialogue dubbed into another language.

Analog
In contrast to "digital" information which offers precise discrete duplication of each fragment of information (either video or audio), "analog" refers to the older and "traditional" method of streaming information for a program directly to the recording format without compression or filtering to ensure the cleanest fidelity.

Aspect Ratio
This term refers to the length of a movie's horizontal image to the length of its vertical image. Thus, a film with a very wide horizontal image, more than twice the size of its vertical height, has an aspect ratio of "2.35:1." A television set has an aspect ratio of 1.33:1, so any film presented with a longer horizontal length is in the "widescreen" format. Many European and Canadian films have an aspect ratio of 1.66:1, which means only slight black bars are necessary to present the entire film image. 1.85:1 is the most common aspect ratio found in theaters and on video, as it adapts easily to all formats. In some extreme cases, particularly movies filmed in processes called CinemaScope or Cinerama, the aspect ratio may be as wide as 2.55:1. See Widescreen for additional information.

Audio Format
The sound recorded on a DVD may be in a number of different formats ranging from mono to Dolby Digital 5.1. The addition of more audio channels (separate streams of sound) often increases the realism and dynamic impact of a program.

Boxed Set
DVD packages with three or more discs and Video packages with two or more tapes are considered a "boxed set."

Cast/Crew Biographies
Background information about the actors, directors and other crew members is often included on a DVD to provide a more complete description of the people involved.

Categories
Motion pictures and other programs each fall under different genres. Some films may be classified under two or more genres, such as an "action/adventure" and a "comedy."

Closed Caption
Most television sets are now designed to include closed captioning, an option which allows dialogue and sound effects to be printed out at the bottom of the screen so the program may also be enjoyed by hearing impaired vieWers.

Color/BW
The coloring format of the item. "Color" refers to items that are displayed in color. BW, BandW and Black and White refer to items displayed in Black and White.

Deleted Footage
Scenes are sometimes cut from a film before its release, either to tighten the pacing of the story or to avoid an undesired MPAA rating. Many DVDs feature unused sequences which the makers feel are worthy of preserving. Sometimes they even include "outtakes," better known as "bloopers," with the cast and crew making humorous mistakes on the set.

Discrete Surround Sound
Multi-channel audio output that uses a separate speaker for each individual channel.

Dolby Digital (a.k.a AC-3)
This audio encoding format can apply to any number of audio channels on a DVD, ranging from five discrete channels of sound plus an effects channel for the subwoofer (Dolby Digital 5.1) all the way to simple one-channel mono sound (Dolby Digital 1.0). A number of variations exist in betWeen, such as standard Dolby Surround (2.0 or 3.0), which supplies the same audio signal to both of the rear speakers in a home theater set up. Dolby Digital 5.0 is the same as 5.1 in that separate signals are channeled to the rear speakers, but there is no extra channel for the subwoofer.

DTS (Digital Theater Sound)
An audio format similar to Dolby Digital 5.1, Digital Theater Systems Digital Surround (DTS) was developed e a loWer compression level for the greatest possible fidelity to the separate audio channels of a DVD. A decoder is required either externally or in the player. Some DVDs include both DTS and Dolby Digital 5.1 tracks, allowing the consumers to choose for themselves. Discs only produced in DTS will play on any regular DVD players but will not play back the DTS signal unless a decoder is present.

DTS-ES
DTS technologies containing six channels (left, center, right, back-left, back-center, back-right and subwoofer) make up this system. There are currently three different types of DTS-ES: DTS-ES Discrete 6.1 includes the separate back center channel. DTS-ES Matrix 6.1 hides the back-center channel and sends the back-center audio from the back-left and back-right channels. DTS-ES Neo:6 converts conventional 2-channel sound into 6.1 channels.

Dual Layer
Many DVDs may contain over four hours of information on a single side thanks to a process called "dual layer" (or "RSDL"), which places a semi-transparent extra layer over the same side of a disc. When the player acknowledges the shift from one layer to the next, the layer change may cause a momentary pause in the playback of the film ranging from an instant to several seconds. A DVD with dual layers on both sides of the disc is referred to as a "DVD-18."

DVD
Alternately referred to as "Digital Video Disc" or "Digital Versatile Disc," this video format records information on a disc the size of a compact disc. This format utilizes digital video and audio compression to store as much as 140 minutes of information on each side of a standard DVD, or twice the amount on a dual layered DVD. This format allows for a number of special features, such as multiple audio tracks and interactive video options.

Region 0: Plays on any DVD player

Region 1: USA

Region 2: Europe and Japan

Region 3: Asian Pacific

Region 4: Australia, New Zealand and Latin America

Region 5: Africa, Russia and Eastern Europe

Region 6: China and Hong Kong

 

Commentary: Stars and filmmakers talk through the film on a separate audio channel.

Deleted Scenes/Outtakes: Material left out of an original theatrical release, but included on the DVD

"Making Of" Featurettes: Mini-documentaries that show you what Went on behind-the-scenes.

Alternate Endings: Varied endings to appeal to different audiences.

 

D-VHS
Digital VHS. Developed by JVC. D-VHS is a recordable digital VHS cassette that can record streaming digital broadcasts and conventional analog broadcasts. Selecting different data rates to record will determine the quality of the recording and the number of hours that can be recorded onto a D-VHS cassette (much like recording speed determines the quality of the recording and number of hours that can be recorded). A D-VHS can hold more data than a DVD and is supposed to have twice the resolution. D-VHS recorders use an IEEE interface (known in the computing world as "Firewire") and are fully backwards compatible with other existing VHS formats (ie.: Super VHS and VHS).

D-Theater
A new security encryption system used for newly-developed pre-recorded D-VHS releases. It will support full Dolby Digital 5.1 at a bit rate of 576Kbps (kilobytes-per-second...DVD supports it at a 448Kbps bit rate). Support for DTS is being worked on. D-VHS/D-Theater cassettes are only compatible with D-Theater-equipped D-VHS players. The video on D-Theater cassettes are recorded in HS mode.

This encryption is being employed for content protection. Video using D-Theater technology can only be created or duplicated on equipment licensed and approved by JVC. All D-VHS/D-Theater cassettes will bear the D-Theater logo, as will all D-VHS players that are D-Theater compatible.

Easter Eggs
Some discs contain hidden extra features which are not advertised on the packaging. Many of these features may be accessible directly from the main or supplementary menu screens hidden icons, while others are deliberately difficult to find and for many have become a sport to locate.

English Dubbed
A film originally recorded in another language may be dubbed into English, i.e., English-speaking actors perform the lines of the film in place of the original dialogue. Sometimes a film may be shot in English but without sound then dubbed later in a studio.

Filmography
A reference list of the films by a particular actor or director.

Full Frame
A film presented with all visual information available but not requiring letterboxing is "full frame." This can either refer to films made prior to the '50s which Were filmed in a regular square shape and therefore adapt perfectly to the TV format, or to films which are shot with an extra "safety area" at the top and bottom of the image. The latter kind of "full frame" presentation, also referred to as "open matte," will contain extra but unimportant picture information compared to a letterboxed version of the same title, which is usually a more accurate portrayal of the filmmakers' intentions.

Full Screen
The movie image fills up the entire television screen. This film could have been modified (usually cropped) to fill the screen. We list a film as full screen when We are not sure about its original filmed aspect ratio but when We know that the video is presented as 1.33:1. (See also, Aspect Ratio, Pan and Scan, Standard)

HDTV (High Definition Television)
A television that offers the highest-quality picture because of its capability to receive all-digital broadcast signals. A DVD played on HDTV has a higher resolution, which provides sharper images than a DVD played on a standard television. The sound is sharper because the audio signal is split up into six channels. Also, because HDTV has an elongated rectangular screen (16:9), it is tailored for widescreen enhanced movies.

IMAX (Image Maximum)
This high quality theatrical format using a large, panoramic screen must be played in a special type of movie theater. For home video, IMAX appears as a full frame presentation with a dense amount of visual detail; this format particularly lends itself to visually driven spectacles, such as scientific or educational films.

Letterboxed
See definition for "Widescreen."

'Making of'
A behind-the-scenes film or production journal providing a look at the circumstances going on behind the camera during the production of a program.

Mono
The program audio is contained within one central channel.

MPAA ratings
The Motion Picture Association of America often assigns a rating to designate the appropriate age group for a film. The ratings are as follows:
 

* "G" - suitable for all audiences

* "PG" - parental guidance suggested

* "PG-13" - may be inappropriate for vieWers under 13

* "R" - not recommended for vieWers under 17 without an adult or guardian present

* "NC-17" - not suitable for vieWers under 17.

 

Multi-angle
Some DVDs feature the option to change "angles" during playback of a program. These multiple angles may be different versions of the same scene, behind-the-scenes footage, or a number of other variations.

Multi-audio/commentary
A "commentary" or "multi-audio" track is an audio option which allows the vieWer to hear relevant participants in a film (or critics, in some cases) share their thoughts and observations on a program. This alternate audio may also include other features, such as radio programs or audio books.

Music Video
This program contains "music videos," visual programs designed to accompany a song or other musical composition. These videos often include the performer and may or may not contain a plotline.

NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)
Is the format developed and still used in the U.S. This video format uses 30 frames per second, scanning at 525 horizontal lines per frame.

Outtakes
This title contains scenes, such as bloopers, which may not have been included in the original release of the movie.

PAL (Phase Alternate Line)
Developed in Germany and used in the UK and most of Europe. Uses 25 frames per second, scanning at 625 horizontal lines per frame.

Pan and Scan
When a widescreen film is presented on TV, one option is to fill the frame from top to bottom with the image and then "pan" back and forth across to reveal any necessary information not visible within the square dimensions of the TV set.

Parental Lock
The DVD contains an option to prevent children from viewing some scenes on a disc. The owner can select the age level they wish to block, ensuring that only audiences of a some age and with access to the code can view the entire film.

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
An uncompressed digital soundtrack offers the capacity for either standard left and right stereo playback or a mono soundtrack.

Production Notes
The "Production Notes" feature on a DVD provides a series of screens containing text which details the history of a particular program. Often these notes are supplemented with details about the cast and crew, and anecdotes concerning events during production.

Production Stills
"Production stills" are photographs taken during the making of a motion picture or other program. Often these stills highlight the interaction betWeen the stars and directors or the creation of sets or costumes.

Region Code
The different areas of the globe have been divided into eight separate regions to accommodate the varying release patterns of movies by the major studios. Therefore, each DVD player is compatible with a some region: Region 1 for the United States and Canada, for example, and Region 2 for Japan and Europe. A DVD designated Region 0, "Not Regionally Coded" or "All Region" can be played on any player regardless of its nationality.

SDH (subtitled for the deaf and hard-of-hearing)
Similar to "closed captioning," but SDH does not require a compatible television set to display the text of dialogue and sound effects within a film. The "subtitle" option on the DVD remote activates English subtitles which correspond to the film.

SECAM (Systeme En Coleur Avec Memoire)
Developed and used in France and other countries with political affiliation. Uses 25 frames per second, scanning at 625 horizontal lines per frame.

Scene Selection
Scene selection is the term for DVD's ability to jump to a specific track or "chapter" on the disc (just like an audio CD).

Sound:
 

Mono: One channel sound (a.k.a. "monaural" or "monophonic").

Stereo (S): Two-channel sound.

Stereo Surround (SS): A multi-channel format that has rear speakers to provide the experience of being "surrounded."

Digital Mono (DM): Digitally encoded monaural signal (one channel).

Digital Stereo (DS): Digitally encoded stereo signal. Two channels (right and left).

Dolby Digital Mono (DDM): A single channel of sound that takes advantage of Dolby's patented noise-reduction process. Because it is often used for audio commentaries, interviews and purposes other than the actual movie.

Dolby Digital Stereo (DSS): A system for turning two-channel sound into four playback channels (left, center, right and surround) when played on a home entertainment unit that is equipped with a Dolby Pro Logic decoder. DSS was designed to replicate the movie theatre-quality sound in the home.

Dolby Digital Surround 4.1 (DD4): An improvement over DDS, the 4.1 system incorporates the four playback channels (left, center, right and surround), plus an extra channel (the ".1") for rumbling, low-frequency sound effects.

Dolby Digital Surround 5.1 (DD): The current standard for movie theatre sound and new movies released on DVD, Dolby 5.1 provides an extra surround channel for a more realistic audio experience (right, left, center and left surround, right surround), plus an additional channel for low-frequency sound effects like explosions and earthquakes.

 

Stereo
The program audio is contained in two channels, one for the left and one for the right.

Studio
The company releasing the film may be either a large recognizable Hollywood studio or a smaller independent entity; often, a film may pass from one studio to another for various reasons (contractual, financial, etc.), resulting in different studios releasing their own versions of a particular movie.

Subtitles
Text of the dialogue in a program appears at the bottom of the screen when the "subtitle" option is activated on the remote control. Usually these subtitles are translations into languages other than the one in which the program was originally recorded (e.g., English subtitles for a French language film, or vice versa).

Superbit DVD
Sony offers the Superbit Collection as an alternative product for selected films. The DVD is stripped of special features so that the entire disc can be dedicated to the picture and sound of the original theatrical picture. These DVDs can be encoded at double their normal bit rate and contain Dolby Digital and DTS audio tracks.

Surround
The program audio is contained in four channels: a center channel for primary dialogue and effects, left and right front channels for music and additional effects, and a monophonic sound channel sent to two rear speakers for dimensional sound effects. Surround playback requires a decoder in your audio receiver equipped at the minimum for surround output, often referred to as "Dolby Pro-Logic."

THX certified
THX, a company and process developed by George Lucas, originally began as a certification system for movie theaters to ensure the finest and most accurate audio quality. HoWever, it now also refers to a video transfer system by which THX maximizes the optimum visual and audio quality from the available materials and then offers its approval on the final product.

Tinted
Rather than the traditional black and white, many silent films Were originally exhibited with color tinting added to the prints. Scenes Were often colored to denote a some mood (yellow for daylight scenes, blue for night, etc.). Many DVDs of silent films now preserve the original tinting specifications indicated by the film's creators.

Trailer
A preview containing scenes from an upcoming film is referred to as a "trailer" (currently they are shown before a feature in theaters but used to "trail" after them back in the '40s). An "original theatrical trailer" is the one originally shown to promote the film; a "rerelease trailer" is one shown during a film's return engagement in theaters; and a "video trailer" has been designed to promote the film's release on home video. Some DVDs also include "TV spots," brief coming attractions designed to be shown as television commercials.

VHS (Video Home System)
Invented by JVC. After becoming more popular than the Betamax format, VHS became the standard video-cassette format. The term "VHS" has become synonymous with "video-cassette" and "video," even though "VHS" only refers to the format of the video cassette or format of the home video medium.

Widescreen
Since the 1950s, motion pictures shown in movie theaters usually feature an image whose width is greater than its height (a rectangle shape). Movies filmed in Panavision or Cinemascope are much wider, and this process is often referred to as "anamorphic" (because of the type of lens used) or "scope." To be vieWed on television, movies must be formatted one of two ways: (1) "Pan and Scan," in which the picture information is chopped off the sides to fit the square shape of a TV and the movie "scans" back and forth when necessary to catch important information, or (2) "Letterboxing," which preserves the original "widescreen" appearance of the film by placing black bars at the top and bottom of the screen. When these black bars are present, you are therefore seeing more of the film's image, not less. (See definition of "Aspect Ratio" for different types of letterboxing.)